Socioeconomic and political environments Essay Example for Free

Socioeconomic and political environments Essay After the Civil War, Washington returned to the family business, assisting in completing two more suspension bridges across the Ohio River (Invention Factory 2007). During this time Washington’s father, John, became interested in building a bridge across the East River. New York legislators finally realized the need for a route over the East River and passed a bill for some sort of construction. The largest restriction that the plans for the structure had to abide by was its height over the river, which was set to avoid contact with masts of ships that passes under it. This idea of a bridge was nothing new. For 60 years, different ways of linking Brooklyn and New York had been considered (Trachtenberg 1965). Soon, the city of New York set up the first ferries from Manhattan to Brooklyn in 1812 but more versatile transit was needed. The Brooklyn Bridge was erected out of economic necessity and urban sprawl (Brooke and Davidson 2006). New York City was a huge immigration hub. In the mid-1800’s, men and women began to emigrate from Europe and many settled in Brooklyn. As a result, many lived in boarding houses. Brooklyn at this time consisted mainly of Irish immigrants. Immigrants were paid very poorly considered the work they performed as it was always the most demanding and risky. From 1860 to 1870, Brooklyn’s population growth was 50 percent; the fastest growing city at the time (Trachtenberg 1965). Manhattan was the opposite of Brooklyn, in that it was primarily a business district in the mid 1800’s. Approximately 40 percent of wager earners in Brooklyn had jobs in Manhattan. The northeastern coast was a major hub for imports and manufacturing goods after the Erie Canal was built. At the time the only way to get from Manhattan to Brooklyn was by fairy which was often slow and hampered by storms. Taking the ferries tended to be very dangerous. Plans for a either a bridge or a tunnel over the East River were interrupted by the Civil War. Bridges were thought to be impossible as no materials where known to be strong enough to support the needed span. Part of the problem was that the bridge needed to be high above the channel to allow masted ships to pass beneath it, even at high tide. These details had proved insurmountable until then. A fleet of ferries shuttled people and goods across the river every day. John Roebling, with his wire rope business and history of successful suspension bridges, had a viable solution (Invention Factory 2007). The Brooklyn Bridge would use steel in its cables. Good wrought iron breaks at 30 tons where good steel of the same size breaks at 75 tons (2. 5 times stronger) (Hart 1967). While it was not trusted at the time because of its newness, the Roeblings’ had faith in its strength. At the time, suspension bridges were viewed with suspicion. Many had failed in storms or under live loads; however, none of the bridges John had built had ever failed. One of the reasons he had succeeded was that he made them very stiff, preventing flexing from wind that would plague other suspension bridge builders into the next century and most famously in the Tacoma Narrows Bridge in 1940, more than 70 years after John. After due debate, the Brooklyn Bridge Company was formed with John Roebling as chief engineer (Invention Factory 2007). One thing that the times lent to the project was a good source of cheap labor. Poor immigrants, mainly Irish, were the ones who worked the most on the bridge. They also took the brunt of the casualties. Approximately 20-30 people died during construction and administration viewed it as necessary and unavoidable. Labor was very manual and at the time workers had very little power in politics. The Irish workers did not enjoy the choice of date, as it coincided with the Queen’s birthday. Technological Context Construction Details In December 1849, an accident mangled Roebling’s father’s left hand while undergoing testing on the innovative wire rope machinery. This new technology would set this bridge far ahead of its time, utilizing a braded configuration allowing flexibility and easier handling (Trachtenberg 1965). The Brooklyn Bridge would use steel in its cables. Good wrought iron breaks at 30 tons where good steel of the same size breaks at 75 tons (2. 5 times stronger) (Hart 1967). While steel was not trusted at the time because of its newness, the Roeblings’ had faith in its strength. At the time, steel or no steel, suspension bridges were viewed with suspicion. Many had failed in storms or under live loads; however, none of the bridges John had built had ever failed. One of the reasons he had succeeded was that he made them very stiff, preventing flexing from wind that would plague other suspension bridge builders into the next century and most famously in the Tacoma Narrows Bridge in 1940, more than 70 years after John’s lifetime. Construction was very hazardous at that time, even for chief engineers. At the start of the project, the Brooklyn Bridge Company lost a crucial member. A ferryboat crushed John Roebling’s foot when he was on site. After having his toes amputated, during which he declined anesthetic, an infection set in and killed him (ENDEX Engineering 2007). Surprisingly there was little debate over who should succeed him. Washington Roebling was already deeply involved with the project so he was appointed successor (Invention Factory 2007). In 1872 disaster struck again. Washington himself was down in the caissons more than any one else. He was suddenly struck with what was called caisson sickness, and is what is modernly called the bends (Invention Factory 2007). This disease was not understood at the time and results from prolonged exposure to high pressures and then sudden decompression, allowing nitrogen bubbles to form in blood and possibly clog them. Washington was not the first to fall ill from the bends, in fact, people had already died of it but work proceeded on. After coming back even though clearly sick, Washington was bedridden, crippled for the remainder of the project. He was only able to stand for 10 minutes at a time when the bridge opened in 1883 (Smithsonian Associates 2004). Washington remained head engineer giving orders from his bed but the person most visible to visitors at the project was his wife, Emily. She knew just as much about the project as Washington. When a board of enquiry was put together to try to oust the bedridden head engineer she removed sufficient doubt from its members for Roebling to stay (Smithsonian Associates 2004). To say she was the head engineer would only be a very slight exaggeration. The towers that supported the span were made out of limestone, granite and concrete. Newly found techniques for making steel made it a cheap, strong metal for the suspension cables (Hart 1967). The first order of business was to sink the two giant caissons into the riverbed to support the towers (Figure 1). These were made of 12 x 12 yellow pine beams and weighed by themselves 3000 tons, having 15 foot thick roofs to keep the excavators from getting crushed by the eventually 80,000 tons of rock piled on top to make up the Towers. John found a new way to devise a foundation. The caissons were floated into place and then sunk into position, driven downward by the towers on top and crews underneath removing the actual riverbed (ENDEX Engineering 2007). Once they reached solid ground the caissons would be pumped full of grout and serve as a perfect foundation. They were undoubtedly the most tedious and difficult part of the bridge construction. Excavation methods consisted of shovel, pick, wheelbarrow, steel bar stone breakers, winches, and ten ton hydraulic jacks, eventually blasting after Washington Roebling conducted a series of experiments in the caisson. Initial rate of caisson excavation and lowering produced 6 inches per week, with a workforce of 360 people constructing the bridge (Trachtenberg 1965). Compressed air was used in the caissons to keep the water out, and the deeper they got (78 feet on the New York side, 45 feet on the Brooklyn side) the higher the pressure needed (ENDEX Engineering 2007). This was dangerous in more way than one. Fires could be catastrophic, and occasionally there would be a blowout that subsequently would allow water back in. The largest of these air releases blew rocks and mud 500 feet into the air in 1870. Fires, from using dynamite, were the worst however. One was found smoldering in the 15 feet of wood under the Brooklyn Caisson, fed by compressed air (ENDEX Engineering 2007). Eventually some timbers were replaced and the rest of the holes were pumped full of grout. The New York caisson was stopped after 78 feet not because it had reached rock but because conditions had become intolerable. As a result, to this day it rests on sand; surprisingly stable (ENDEX Engineering 2007). The Brooklyn and New York Towers were completed in 1875 and 1876 respectively (ENDEX Engineering 2007). The cables were strung after the completion of the towers. Perhaps the greatest calamity struck in the middle of this. A cable snapped, killing two men, and it was found to be very substandard (ENDEX Engineering 2007). Incidentally, the contractor who supplied the steel cable was not John Roebling’s Sons Co, which at the time was owned exclusively by Washington’s brothers. The cables were flawed. Eventually, the wire in all the cables, including 1520 suspenders and 400 diagonal stays, was approximately 3600 miles long (ENDEX Engineering 2007). Personal Characteristics Washington fought in the civil war both on the ground as a military observer from hot air balloons. Washington served at Gettysburg with distinction on Little Round Top and was at the siege of Richmond (Invention Factory 2007). He became very noble and selfless, though cocky at times, during the Civil War. Perhaps the most important part of his war career, however, was that he met his wife to be, Emily Warren, because he served under her brother, General G.K. Warren (ENDEX Engineering 2007). He ended the war at the rank of a Colonel. After the war he helped his father build the Cincinnati-Covington Bridge (now called John A. Roebling Suspension Bridge) before the Brooklyn Bridge. Despite many the huge hurdles of the Brooklyn Bridge project, among which was the fact that Washington became horribly sick and bedridden for most of the actual building from decompression sickness when the huge caissons for the twin towers were sunk in the Hudson riverbed (hence the traditional term ‘caisson sickness’), he managed to oversee all stages of its construction. He did this only with the help of his wife Emily Warren Roebling, who almost every day visited the site and reported to him and who some felt built the bridge herself (The Great Engineers, 1967). The Brooklyn Bridge was opened May 24th 1883 by the president of the United States U. S. Grant, to fireworks and one cent ticket passes to cross. Apparently it was a great relief to Washington Roebling as his health began to slowly improve. After the completing this engineering marvel in 1883, Washington lived a relatively quiet life, mostly as a result of being still partially crippled from his illness, and when his wife died in 1903 he remarried in 1908. He spent much of his time collecting minerals, which was his one great hobby, eventually having 16,000 specimens and ending up in the Museum of Natural History’s mineral and gem collection (Smithsonian Associates 2004). This hobby added balance to his life and probably kept him from accomplishing very much else as it took so much of his time. He outlived his wife Emily and remarried. He became president of his fathers company, John Roebling’s Sons, in 1921 at the age of 79. He brought incredible energy to the position, modernizing the factory with electricity and adding a galvanized wire section. The business prospered under his leadership until 1926, when Washington Roebling died. When one has hobbies such as athletics help keeps a healthy time management of school work and fun down time. College is one of the few times were one can have fun. There is a time and place to enjoy your hobbies but to enjoy these hobbies one must put in an honest day’s work. Conclusion When the Brooklyn Bridge opened to traffic on May 24th 1883, it was one of the grandest engineering marvels of that century in North America. The construction was composed of many firsts. Despite innumerable setbacks, including the untimely death of the original designer of the plan, John A. Roebling, and the crippling of his son, Washington Roebling, who succeeded him in the chief engineer duties it, was finished in 14 years, having been commenced January 2, 1870. At the time of completion it was 50% longer than any other suspension bridge, it was the first to use steel cables, much stronger than hemp or cast iron previously used. The towers that supported the four main cables (each of which supports a total dead live load of about 6 million pounds) for the span were the largest stone and masonry objects of their kind rising approximately 276 feet above the high water mark (Smithsonian Associates 2004). The challenges of this are hard to fathom in today’s world of reinforced concrete. Appendices Figure 1. Sinking the Caisson into the Riverbed Table 2: Brooklyn Bridge Innovations   1st suspension bridge to use steel 1st suspension bridge to twist the wire†¢ 1st bridge to use pneumatic caissons 1st to use dynamite in bridge construction   1st female field engineer   Longest bridge constructed   Tallest structure in the western hemisphere   Considered to be the â€Å"8th Wonder of the World†. Bibliography â€Å"Biography – Invention Factory 2007. † The Smithsonian Associates Civil War E-Mail Newsletter, Vol 3, No 9. Smithsonian Associates 2004. http://civilwarstudies. org/articles/Vol_3/roebling. htm Brooke and Davidson 2006, Kathleen L. , and Frank P. Davidson. Building the World. Vol. 1. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood P, 2006. 240. Brooklyn Bridge: Facts, History, and Information. ENDEX Engineering, Inc. 5 May 1998. 29 Mar. 2007 http://www. endex. com/gf/buildings/bbridge/bbridgefacts. htm. Hart 1967, Ivor B. The Great Engineers. Freeport, N. Y. : Books for Libraries P, 1967. Trachtenberg, Alan. Brooklyn Bridge: Fact and Symbol. New York, New York: Oxford UP, 1965. 11. Invention Factory 2007. John a. Reoblings Sons Co. 28 Mar. 2007 http://www. inventionfactory. com/history/RHAgen/warbio. html. Wikipedia Update: April 1, 2007 at 8:13 p. m. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Washington_Roebling.

A Biological Look at Suicide Essay -- Biology Essays Research Papers

Efficiency Above All: A Biological Look at Suicide "And let me ask you this; the dead, where aren't they?" – Franz Wright, New Yorker Magazine, Oct. 6, 2003 "Dear Mom and Dad," the letter begins benignly, "Thank you for all of your commitment. But I am not a suitable daughter, and you will all be better off without me. Please realize I have done this for your own good." Nothing more. And beside it, Mr. and Mrs. A find their daughter, dead by her own hand. So begin the episodes of anguished soul-searching, of horrific "if-onlys" experienced by the family members of countless suicides. Anyone who has faced what Mr. and Mrs. A now grapple with knows that the girl is wrong: they will not be better off, not feel happier, without her. Yet each year, thousands of suicide victims express similar convictions: I am killing myself, they reassure us, for your own good. This thinking – this appeal for selflessness that our society cannot condone – where does it come from? Why, in truth, do people kill themselves? The problem of suicide ravages the minds of its survivors – of philosophers – and, more recently, of psychologists. We simply cannot understand it. Why suicide? While many non-biological scientists are inclined to define suicide as a conscious act – thereby excluding, perhaps, all non-human self-inflicted deaths (1), (2) – lets us stick with the more basic definition of suicide as self-murder, with or without cognitive "knowledge" or "intent" (***). And, as the concerned psychologists plunge on in their direction, let us examine this problem from a different standpoint, that of biology. In order to make sense of the biology of suicide, however, we must first understand the more general omnipresent phenomenon: death.... ...ants, a good description of self-destruction of cells, this time in plants http://www.sebiology.org/bulletin/july2002/plant.htm 9)Foucault , Michael. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Random House: New York, 1977. 10) Weizmann Institute of Science: Death of a Cell, a discussion of one series of studies of cellular apoptosis http://wis-wander.weizmann.ac.il/site/EN/weizman.asp?pi=422&doc_id=436&interID=138&sq=138 NOT CITED IN TEXT 11) http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1997/07/970722090258.htm>Stopping "Cellular Suicide" Could Boost Production in Biotech Labs, a look at some of the cons of cellular suicide in terms of technology 12)Researchers Find New Way to Trigger Self-Destruction of Certain Cancer Cells, a scheme for putting cellular suicide to use for humans! http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2003-06/sjcr-rfn061803.php

Alfred Wallace

The scientific understanding of life has been shaped with the guidance of intellectual breakthroughs in history. One of these breakthroughs Is Alfred Russell Wallace (1823-1913), a British naturalist born in Monotheistic, England who gained a reputation of greatness upon exploration of Malay Archipelago. Unlike other great Intellects Like Charles Darwin, Wallace had dropped his formal schooling at the age of fourteen to start providing for his family as a carpenter.Later In life Wallace acquires a job at the Collegiate school of Leister teaching, and it is here that he tests Henry Walter Bates, a naturalist who sparks Wallach's interest in nature. Alfred Russell Wallace is known to have advocate the the theory of intelligent evolution and co-discover natural selection alongside Charles Dawn. This theory suggests that evolution is purely built for utility and only occurs when changes are necessary for survival and purposeful. Wallace writes a letter to Darwin stating his theory, and c learly impacts him to write â€Å"Origin of Species†.Wallace becomes a spiritualist In 1860 and began to believe In theology. Wallach's new beliefs lead him to reject scientific explanations of human Intelligence and Instead believe that teleology was the cause of evolution. The theory of intelligent evolution was widely accepted alongside Drawing's by the science community up until Wallach's belief of spirituality developed. Although the theories of Darwin and Wallace are very similar, and were even viewed as the same in Darning's eyes, the difference between the two is that Darwin wasn't afraid to publish his and Wallace was.Public opinion of unorthodox theories of evolution at the time were very harsh and close-minded, but publication of these risky theories gave the public an opportunity to open up to modern thinking. The Intelligent mind of Alfred Wallace had been opened up to naturalism through the readings of numerous Influential works. Controversial academic publishin g Like â€Å"Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation† and â€Å"Constitution of Man† by George Combo suggested to the public that the environment around man is responsible for hang.More readings such as Charles Lye's Principles of Geology helped Wallace realize that mankind had the potential to change, thus sparking his curiosity and drive to understanding. Alfred Wallace By radicand breakthroughs in history. One of these breakthroughs is Alfred Russell Wallace reputation of greatness upon exploration of Malay Archipelago. Unlike other great intellects like Charles Darwin, Wallace had dropped his formal schooling at the age of fourteen to start providing for his family as a carpenter.Later in life Wallace acquires a Job at the Collegiate school of Leister teaching, and it is here that he spiritualist in 1860 and began to believe in theology. Wallach's new beliefs lead him to reject scientific explanations of human intelligence and instead believe that The intellige nt mind of Alfred Wallace had been opened up to naturalism through the readings of numerous influential works. Controversial academic publishing like Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation† and â€Å"Constitution of Man† by George

The Debate Over Current Race - 1405 Words

I have chosen the debate of 26th September. The reason I am selecting this is because, it was the first debate and was instrumental in leading up to future debates. In a way it was an inception point of agendas and policies that would unfold with time. The debate was deluged with policies and issues. Even though candidates probably had a plethora of issues they wanted to address, the time limit, and the debate format stood like a glorified barrier. The issue was raised on how to create jobs to minimize the unemployment rate. The other issue raised was regarding taxes. Issue was raised regarding which tax policy would turn out to be most cohesive and profitable with time. Issue about current race relation was raised along with the ways to improve it. Another issue that was raised was regarding national security. Personally, I think that issue regarding tax stood out in the debate. Most of the opinion divergence among the candidates was based on slashing taxes. While both Trump and Clinton wanted to modify the existing tax rates as well as laws associated with it, the similarity ended there. Trump wanted to reduce taxes for the wealthy and his rhetoric was that it would be beneficial in the long run as wealthy population would have higher incentive to invest in the country. As a result, more industries and production houses would be built in the US, consequently improving economy as well as creating new jobs. On the other hand, Clinton vehemently opposed this policy. She wasShow MoreRelated Abraham Lincoln Through Many Lenses Essays1740 Words   |  7 Pagesintact. There is always a big fuss made over Lincoln being quot;the great emancipator.quot; He is continually held up as an example of how this great president fought against the evils of slavery and worked on behalf of racial equality. But is the picture painted of Lincoln by egalitarians the real Abraham Lincoln? 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Principles And Procedures Of Logical Thought Processes

4.0 Chapter 4 Methodology 4.1 Introduction Naoum argues that research methodology is relevant to principles and procedures of logical thought processes that are applied to an investigation by stating â€Å"Research design is an action plan for getting form ‘here’ to ‘there’ where ‘here’ may be defined as the initial set of questions to be answered, and ‘there’ is some set of the conclusion (answers) about the questions†. Between ‘here’ and ‘there’ may be found a number of major steps including the collection and analysis of the relevant data The key to successful research is the manner in which it is conducted. This chapter outlines the different processes that are involved in conducting successful research. 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Analysis Of Flowers For Algernon By Daniel Keyes

Comparative Essay While Daniel Keyes â€Å"Flowers for Algernon† protagonists search for identity is affected in a negative way by his environment, loss and symbolism, Khaled Hosseini’s â€Å"The kite Runner† protagonists true identity was created and shaped in a positive way by the same three aspects. These two novels contrast in all three key factors of creating and shaping identity. Discovering who you are or looking at what you have become is creating ones identity. The search for identity can be rather determined by the past than by the present. The past builds you up and who you are today. However, there are key factors in the past that play a bigger role in shaping your identity. Environment, Loss and symbolism are the key factors in the past that have the biggest impact on creating and shaping your identity. Everyone would be different in some way or form, had an event in one of their key factors of identity changed. You are who you are today not because of what happened yesterday, but what you encountered in your early stages of life. Who you have become today was determined thirty, forty or fifty years ago (childhood) â€Å"I became who I am today at the age of twelve, on a frigid overcast day in the winter of 1975† (1). That one day in the winter of 1975 had taught Amir one of his biggest lessons, which influenced him until he was an adult. So had that one incident not occurred, or that one person did not die or that horrible memory you regret ever day not happen, you in factShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Flowers For Algernon By Daniel Keyes1223 Words   |  5 PagesAlexandra Backlund Period 2- Mr. Essex 9 Seminar English 18 November 2014 The Downside Daniel Keyes’ novel Flowers for Algernon portrays many ideas of how change affects an individual, using Charlie Gordon. 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Easy and Engaging ESL Activities - Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Easy and Engaging ESL Activities. Answer: Introduction The aim of the following research project is to make a fruitful investigation of the collocations of the words like do, make, earn and win in the English text books of elementary-pre intermediate level. In order to pursue the aforementioned aim of the paper, the initially, most frequent collocation and use of do, make, earn and win according to the BNC (British National Corpus) and COCA (Corpus of Contemporary American English) will be identified. Thereafter, the paper will consider identifying four English text books to understand and evaluate the use as well as frequency of using Management collocations of verbs like do, make, earn and win. Most importantly, differences between the individual uses of the aforementioned verbs will be identified too. It is to mention initially that the BNC or the British National Corpus is known to be the sample of 100 million word test that is written and spoken in English from varied kinds of sources (Bauer 2015). For the English language references as well as symbols, BNC English material can prove most convenient for English language teaching. One of the most frequent collocations of the word do is found to be du in terms of a reduced form of the verb (Adams 2016). The colloquial word dun in the corpus of BNC is supposed to be the variant form of do not. Further, it has been identified that the in terms of frequent collocation of the verb do, it is to denote that in BNC corpus, the verb do most of the time comes beside to. Therefore, some of the most frequent collocations of do in BNC corpus is found to be dun and to do (Dziemianko 2014). The followings are some example that are recognized to be some common English collocations according to BNC are non-specific activities like Do something , Do nothing, Do everything and replacing verbs when obvious, are Do the laundry, Do the exam and Do the dishes (Biber and Reppen 2015). Prior to identify the frequent collocations of do, make, earn and win in the COCA corpus, it is essential to mention that COCA or the Corpus of Contemporary American English is considered to be the largest corpus of the American English (Adams 2016). It has been identified that in COCA corpus, some of the most frequent collocations of do are do so, do that well, so do advocates, do you prefer, do you want, do I have, do not agree and do in order. However, in terms of frequent collocation, the verb make comes with make dough, make it, make a plan, make me do that, can make sense, make each lesson, make big changes, make in using digital technologies, make connections and make the story (Davies and Fuchs 2015). On the other hand, some of the most frequent collocations of earn in COCA corpus are found to be earn a doctoral degree, earn sufficient credits, earn a living, earn constructive entitlement, earn a bachelor's degree, earn as much, earn a living and earn a reward (Brown and P almer 2015). It is further mention that for the verb win, the frequency collocation of COCA corpus includes win again, win over, win it back, can win, win the peace, win relief, his win, win a majority, the win, when you win and certain to win. It has been identified that in BNC corpus, the frequency of the collocation of do is dominated by the word make. Most significantly, in the BNC corpus, the frequent use of the collocation of make is even more than do. On the other hand, one of the most frequent Management collocation forms of make according to the BNC corpus is making (Davies and Fuchs 2015). According to BNC corpus, some of the most frequent verb collocations are found to be make a difference, make a mess, make a mistake, make a noise, make trouble and make money. It has been understood that according to the BNC corpus, the collocation of the verb make is used most of the time as a replacement of do. For example, various times do the report is used as make the report (Breeze 2017). According to both BNC and COCA, similarly like the collocation of the connected verbs do and make take place, verbs like earn and win are used most of the time for the same purpose. It is to also mention that the collocation connectivity of earn and win extends to the verb gain according to both COCA and BNC corpus. In both the COCA and BNC corpus, the collocation of the verb earn is related to education and designation. Such as earn a degree, earn an impressive position (Brown and Palmer 2015). On the other hand, some of the most frequent collocation of win is found to be more associated with succeeding a task or wining a prize. For example, win a game, win money, win love and win the war. However, in both COCA and BNC corpus, it has been identified that instead of being matched grammatically, the word fame or opportunity are most of the time associated with earn rather than win. For example try to earn fame, try to win the lottery, earn a lot of money, earn a reputation and win the competition at any cost (Davies and Fuchs 2015). Research methodology In order to understand most frequent collocation of do, make, earn and win, the following paper would consider examining four English comprehension books of elementary level. Further, in order to identify the practical use of the collocation of the aforementioned verbs, four exercises would be presented and analyzed. Therefore, it can be said that a secondary research approach has been taken for the present purpose. The main focus of the method will be to identify and understand how the aforementioned verbs are being used in the grammatical comprehensions. According to the proposed methodology, exercises have been taken from - ESL Teachers Activities Kit by Elizabeth Claire, Assessment and ESL: An Alternative Approach by Barbara Law, ESL Activities and Mini-Books for Every Classroom by Kama Einhorn and Childrens ESL Curriculum: Management Learning English with Laughter by Ms. Daisy A. Stocker M.Ed. Dr. George A. Stocker D.D.S. It has been found out that in most of the English text books of elementary-pre intermediate level use of the words do and make as well as earn and win are found to be used for the vocabulary and comprehension purpose. For example, the following exercises will show the use of the words do and make for the English comprehension purpose In the elementary book Childrens ESL Curriculum: Learning English with Laughter, the following have been found out - Discussion of findings The above result and findings are indicative of the fact that while do and make replace each other in several purpose, similarly in the collocation, earn and win do the same. The above-presented exercises are indicative of the fact that in most of the elementary level text books, the aforementioned verbs are used in grammar purpose. Each of the above mentioned exercises imply that in order to teach the ESL students the fundamental grammatical uses of these verbs the comprehensions are made. In those exercise, the use of collocations like dun for do or makin for making are not used (Gonzlez Fernndez and Schmitt 2015). The exercises indicate that most of the English text books are concerned with teaching the grammatical credibility of the verbs do, make, earn and win to accompany nouns and adjectives in time of communicational as well as written application (Jones and Waller 2015). It should be contemplated here that the above results and literature review are referring that while mak e is more used rather than do and replace do, earn is more used than the verb win. In the COCA corpus, use of the aforementioned verbs is seen in the use of particular constructions, such as matching prepositions and matching phrases (Parkinson 2015). It has been further understood that the verbs earn and win in both COCA and BNC corpuses are various times replaced by the verb gain. Moreover, it has been further understood that while use of the verb win in the collocation is related with accomplishing anything, earn is mainly related to educational, designation and money related phrases. On the other hand, collocations of both the verbs do and make are related to accomplishing a task (Vzquez 2014). Most significantly, it has been understood that each of the considered verbs are used in both BNC and COCA as suffix and prefix in sentences. Conclusion From the above research paper, it can be concluded that in terms of having most frequent collocations, make is being used more than the verb do. On the other hand, the verb earn is being used more than win. The above study has also indicated the fact that in the contemporary English text books of the elementary level, the application of do, make, earn and win are accomplished for the grammatical purpose Management and for teaching the ESL students about how to accompany nouns or adjectives by the use of do:, make, earn and win. However, according to the above study, in both COCA and BNC, the verb gain is used varied time to replace verbs like win and earn. It is finally to anticipate that the above paper and the research findings might prove helpful in future for the researchers who will be interested in pursuing a research on the similar subject. References Adams, V., 2016.An introduction to modern English word-formation. Routledge. Bauer, L., 2015. A corpus study of some rare English verbs.SKASE Journal of Theoretical Linguistics,12(3), pp.105-115. Biber, D. and Reppen, R. eds., 2015.The Cambridge handbook of English corpus linguistics. Cambridge University Press. Breeze, R., 2017. Exploring evidential uses of the passive of reporting verbs through corpus analysis.Evidentiality Revisited: Cognitive grammar, functional and discourse-pragmatic perspectives,271. Brown, D.W. and Palmer, C.C., 2015. The phrasal verb in american english: using corpora to track down historical trends in particle distribution, register variation, and noun collocations.Studies in the history of the English language VI: Evidence and method in histories of English,85, p.71. Claire, E., 1988.ESL teacher's activities kit:[over 160 stimulating, easy-to-use games and activities to enhance language learning in any second-language teaching situation, plus tips for managing the ESL classroom and a special" Language needs checklist" to help you quickly locate activities to meet specific needs]. Prentice Hall. Davies, M. and Fuchs, R., 2015. Expanding horizons in the study of World Englishes with the 1.9 billion word Global Web-based English Corpus (GloWbE).English World-Wide,36(1), pp.1-28. Dziemianko, A., 2014. On the presentation and placement of collocations in monolingual English learners dictionaries: Insights into encoding and retention.International Journal of Lexicography, p.ecu012. Einhorn, K., 2001. Easy engaging ESL activities and mini-books for every classroom.New York: Scholastic. Gonzlez Fernndez, B. and Schmitt, N., 2015. How much collocation knowledge do L2 learners have?: the effects of frequency and amount of exposure.ITL-International Journal of Applied Linguistics,166(1), pp.94-126. Jones, C. and Waller, D., 2015.Corpus linguistics for grammar: A guide for research. Routledge. Mueller, C.M. and Jacobsen, N.D., 2016. A comparison of the effectiveness of EFL students use of dictionaries and an online corpus for the enhancement of revision skills.ReCALL,28(01), pp.3-21. Parkinson, J., 2015. Nounnoun collocations in learner writing.Journal of English for Academic Purposes,20, pp.103-113. Vzquez, M.M., 2014. Expressive Object Constructions in English. A corpus based analysis.ESTUDIOS INGLESES,69, pp.175-190. Wu, J., 2016. A Corpus-Based Contrastive Study of Adverb+ Verb Collocations in Chinese Learner English and Native Speaker English.